Peptide Therapies: An Overview Introduction to Peptides

Written by: Dr Tim Trodd (Functional Medicine)

Peptides are naturally occurring molecules in the body, consisting of two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds. They are smaller than proteins and can easily penetrate cells, making them candidates for therapeutic applications. Due to their specificity and minimal side effects, peptide therapies are gaining attention in the healthcare community. There are numerous peptides being studied for their therapeutic potential.

Mechanism of Action

Peptide therapies work by mimicking or influencing the action of naturally occurring peptides in the body. Each peptide therapy is designed to target specific receptors or pathways, thereby modulating biological processes to achieve therapeutic effects. This precision allows for targeted treatment with fewer unintended effects compared to traditional drugs.

Applications of Peptide Therapies

Peptide therapies have a wide range of applications across various medical fields, including:

1. Metabolic Disorders

Peptides such as GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) analogs are used to treat type 2 diabetes by enhancing insulin secretion and reducing blood glucose levels. These therapies can also aid in weight management by promoting satiety and reducing appetite. An example of a GLP-1 agonist is Semaglutide which is marketed as Ozempic in Hong Kong. Tirzepatide (Mounjaro) is a GLP-1 and GIT agonist

2. Anti-Aging and Skin Health

Peptides like collagen peptides and growth factors are popular in skincare for their ability to stimulate collagen production, improve skin elasticity, and reduce wrinkles, an example is GHK-CU. These peptides can also enhance wound healing and reduce inflammation.

3. Muscle and Joint Health

Peptides such as BPC-157 and TB-500 are used to promote muscle repair, reduce inflammation, and enhance recovery from injuries. Athletes and individuals with chronic joint pain often use these peptides to improve mobility and reduce pain.

4. Immune System Modulation

Peptide therapies can modulate the immune system to treat autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and cancers. For example, thymosin alpha-1 is a peptide that enhances immune function and is used in the treatment of hepatitis and certain cancers.

5. Cognitive Function and Mental Health

Certain peptides, such as cerebrolysin and RG3, have neuroprotective properties and can enhance cognitive function, memory, and mood. They are used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, as well as depression and anxiety disorders.

6. Sexual Health

Peptides like PT-141 (Bremelanotide) are used to treat sexual dysfunction in both men and women. PT-141 works by activating melanocortin receptors, which can enhance sexual arousal and libido.

Advantages of Peptide Therapies

• Peptide therapies offer several advantages over traditional treatments, including:
  Specificity: Peptides can target specific receptors or pathways, reducing the risk of off-target effects.
• Biocompatibility: Peptides are naturally occurring molecules, which means they are generally well-tolerated by the body.
• Minimal Side Effects: Due to their targeted action, peptides typically have fewer side effects compared to conventional drugs.
• Versatility: Peptides can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, from metabolic disorders to cancer.
  Challenges and Future Directions
  Despite their potential, peptide therapies face several challenges, including:
• Stability: Peptides can be unstable and prone to degradation, requiring careful formulation and delivery methods.
• Cost: Peptide synthesis and production can be expensive, making these therapies costly for patients.
  Regulatory Hurdles: Peptides must undergo rigorous testing and approval processes, which can delay their availability.

Peptides are drawing increasing attention for their therapeutic potential. The availability of peptides will increase as they are developed and gain regulatory approval.