Understanding Mycoplasma Pneumoniae: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a cell wall-less pathogenic bacterium that is a significant cause of respiratory infections, particularly atypical pneumonia, known for its gradual onset and less severe yet persistent symptoms, colloquially termed “walking pneumonia”. This bacterium can affect individuals of all ages but is most common in children and young adults. Understanding how to recognize, prevent, and treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae is crucial in managing its spread and ensuring effective recovery. 

What is Mycoplasma Infection? 

Mycoplasma infection refers to a type of bacterial infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Unlike typical bacteria, mycoplasmas lack a cell wall, making them unique in their structure and resistant to many common antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. The infection primarily targets the respiratory system, though it can occasionally affect other systems and manifest as diverse syndromes. 

Symptoms of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection 

The usual characteristics of “atypical pneumonia” presents as: 

• More gradual onset of the disease – usually with headaches, body malaise and low-grade fever 

• A persistent or nagging cough 

• Upper respiratory symptoms such as runny nose, sore throat & earache 

• May present with normal chest auscultatory findings 

• Tend to have normal white cell (WBC) count 

• May present with multi-system involvement (skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, heart) – may give clue to the causative organism 

How to Prevent Mycoplasma Pneumoniae? 

Preventing Mycoplasma pneumoniae involves several strategies focused on reducing the risk of infection and limiting its spread. Key preventive measures include: 

• Good Hygiene Practices: Regular hand washing, especially after coughing, sneezing, or interacting with potentially infected persons, can reduce the risk of spreading the infection. 

• Avoid Close Contact: Since Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted through respiratory droplets, avoiding close contact with people who are sick can prevent the spread of the infection. 

• Use of Masks: Wearing masks in crowded places or during outbreaks can help reduce the transmission of respiratory droplets. 

• Regular Cleaning: Disinfecting frequently touched surfaces in homes, schools, and workplaces can help eliminate potential sources of infection. 

• Stay Home When Sick: Limiting contact with others when experiencing symptoms can prevent the broader spread of the infection. 

Treatment of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae 

The presentation is uncommon or “atypical” and the treatment is empirical with the following antibiotics: 

• Macrolides: like Azithromycin, is the usual first-line drug used (500 mg initial as single loading dose then 250 mg daily for 4 days) 

• Doxycycline, 100 mg twice daily given for 7-10 days  

• Fluoroquinolones, like levofloxacin, 500 mg once daily given for 7-10 days 

How Long is Mycoplasma Contagious After Antibiotics? 

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is typically contagious for as long as the infected person exhibits symptoms and possibly for a short period afterwards. The infectious period can extend beyond the start of antibiotic treatment. Generally, individuals are considered less contagious within a few days of effective antibiotic therapy; however, spreading the infection for up to two weeks after symptoms resolve is possible. Following the healthcare provider's instructions regarding isolation and returning to regular activities is important. 

Mycoplasma as Significant Contaminant in Cell Cultures? 

Mycoplasma pneumoniae can be notorious for contaminating cell cultures in a laboratory setting, which can be a significant problem for biological research. The bacteria are spread primarily through aerosol droplets, so they can easily travel from an infected cell culture to contaminate other cultures. This spread occurs through shared air, equipment, or when handling materials. Due to their small size and lack of a cell wall, mycoplasmas can evade standard detection and sterilization techniques, making them difficult to eradicate once they have contaminated cell cultures. Dried mycoplasma also has prolonged survival capabilities, increasing their efficacy as infectious agents and contaminants. 

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pervasive agent responsible for significant respiratory infections. Its management requires understanding its transmission, symptoms, and the effective use of antibiotics for treatment. By adhering to preventive measures and seeking timely medical attention, individuals can mitigate the impact of this infection and prevent its spread among the community. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms consistent with Mycoplasma infection, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment. 

References

1. Centre for Health Protection. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 19 June 2024 Retrieved from https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/content/24/21283.html  
2. Healthline. Mycoplasma Pneumonia Infection. 19 June 2024 Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/mycoplasma-pneumonia  
3. NSW Government. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 19 June 2024 Retrieved from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/mycoplasma-pneumoniae.aspx  
4. Basma Abdulhadi; John Kiel., Mycoplasma Pneumonia – StatPearls, NIH National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Jan. 16, 2023 update. Retrieved 19 July 2024 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430780/