Hypothermia Need to Know: Causes, Symptoms, and Life-Saving Treatments

Hypothermia (低溫症) is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce or absorb, causing a dangerous drop in core temperature. Hypothermia is commonly associated with cold weather or prolonged exposure to cold environments and poses serious health risks. Understanding the causes, symptoms and treatments of hypothermia is crucial for staying safe in extreme temperatures. 

Causes of Hypothermia   

Hypothermia (low body temperature) occurs when the body’s core temperature drops below 35°C (95°F). This can happen due to: 

• Cold Weather Exposure: Prolonged exposure to freezing or cold, wet conditions, such as during outdoor activities or accidents. 

• Inadequate Clothing: Wearing insufficient clothing in cold weather increases heat loss. 

• Immersion in Cold Water: Falling into cold water or prolonged swimming in cold water can rapidly lower body temperature. 

• Wind Chill: Strong winds can strip away body heat even in moderately cold temperatures. 

• Medical Conditions: Certain conditions like hypothyroidism, diabetes, or malnutrition can make individuals more prone to hypothermia. 

• Alcohol and Drug Use: Alcohol and some drugs impair the body’s ability to retain heat and recognise cold exposure. 

• Overdosage from medications such as beta-blockers (for high blood pressure), opioids (such as meperidine) and general anaesthetics 

Symptoms of Hypothermia  

Recognising the symptoms of hypothermia early can save lives. Common signs include: 

• Shivering 

• Cold and pale skin 

• Fatigue or drowsiness 

• Numbness in extremities (fingers, toes, ears, or nose) 

• Increased urination 

• Slurred speech 

• Confusion or memory loss 

• Loss of coordination (e.g., stumbling or difficulty walking) 

• Slow, shallow breathing 

• Weak pulse 

• Unconsciousness 

If left untreated, severe hypothermia (core body temperature <28°C ) can lead to life-threatening complications such as heart failure, fatal arrhythmias, pulmonary congestion, organ damage or cardiorespiratory arrest. 

Hypothermia Treatment  

Immediate action is critical to treat hypothermia effectively: 

1. Get to a Warm Environment: Move the person to a dry, warm location as quickly as possible. 
2. Remove Wet Clothing: Replace wet clothing with dry, insulated layers to retain body heat. 
3. Provide Warm Fluids: Offer warm, non-alcoholic, and non-caffeinated drinks to help raise internal body temperature. 
4. Use Warm Blankets or Heating Devices: Wrap the person in blankets or use heating pads on the chest, neck, or groin to warm the core. Avoid direct heat, such as hot water bottles, as it can damage cold skin. 
5. Monitor Breathing: If the person is unconscious/unresponsive or not breathing, begin CPR immediately and seek emergency medical assistance. 

Difference Between Hypothermia and Hyperthermia

Hypothermia and hyperthermia are they the same? Although hypothermia and hyperthermia are both temperature-related conditions, they are fundamentally different: 

Even at mild to moderate levels, both conditions can deteriorate fast and become medical emergencies that would require prompt attention to prevent severe complications. 

How to Survive Hypothermia 

Preventing and surviving hypothermia involves preparation and quick action: 

1. Dress Appropriately: Wear layers of insulated, waterproof clothing in cold weather. Protect extremities with gloves, hats, and warm socks. 
2. Stay Dry: Wet clothing accelerates heat loss. Change into dry clothes immediately if you get wet. 
3. Limit Exposure: Avoid staying outdoors in extreme cold or windy conditions for long periods. 
4. Carry Emergency Supplies: When hiking or camping, carry thermal blankets, waterproof matches, and extra layers of clothing. 
5. Stay Nourished and Hydrated: Eat energy-rich foods and drink water to maintain body heat. Avoid alcohol or caffeine. 
6. Know the Signs: Learn to recognise early symptoms of hypothermia and act quickly to prevent it from worsening. 
7. Seek Help: If you or someone else shows signs of hypothermia, seek medical attention immediately. 

Hypothermia is an extreme condition that results from the body’s inability to regulate its temperature. Hypothermia, caused by cold exposure, can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatments, along with knowing how it differs from hyperthermia, is vital for staying safe in extreme weather conditions. By preparing adequately and acting quickly, you can prevent and survive hypothermia, ensuring your safety in challenging environments. 

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